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Volume IV · Life Dashboard · Tool 006

Take the Loneliness Test — a validated 3-minute screen.

A free, private loneliness test using the UCLA Loneliness Scale. Start with the brief UCLA-3 screen — published by Hughes, Waite, Hawkley & Cacioppo in Research on Aging (2004). Optionally expand to the full 20-item UCLA Loneliness Scale Version 3 (Russell 1996) for three-factor sub-dimensional analysis (Intimate, Relational, Collective per Hawkley, Browne & Cacioppo 2005). Four severity bands, five archetypes — in about three minutes.

Items Assessed 3 + 20 validated
Research Basis Hughes 2004 · Russell 1996
Time to Complete ~3 minutes
Your Data Never leaves your browser
Privacy-first Your responses stay in your browser. Nothing is transmitted, stored, or logged.
Developed by Abiot Y. Derbie, PhD — cognitive neuroscientist & founder. Reviewed by Eskezeia Y. Dessie, PhD.
Peer-reviewed instrument UCLA-3 (Hughes 2004) + UCLA-20 V3 (Russell 1996). Used in HRS, ELSA, and Surgeon General 2023 advisory. Documented methodology.
Educational screening, not a diagnostic instrument. Results are estimates derived from your responses and the published validation literature. This is not a clinical assessment — loneliness, social isolation, depression, and social anxiety are clinically related but distinct, and only a qualified mental health professional can sort one from another. If your scores are elevated or your concerns persist, consider a clinical evaluation.

For researchers and curious users: read the full methodology — the validated framework, the verbatim items used, the scoring algorithm including reverse-coding, the archetype thresholds, the care-aware escalation logic, the limitations, and the references.

Answer honestly.

Each item updates your loneliness score in real time. Nothing is submitted, stored, or sent — the calculation runs entirely in your browser. Your answers stay between you and your device.

i.
UCLA-3 — Brief Loneliness Screen 3 items · Hughes et al. 2004 · ~30 seconds
Item 1 UCLA-3 Screen

How often do you feel that you lack companionship?

Item 2 UCLA-3 Screen

How often do you feel left out?

Item 3 UCLA-3 Screen

How often do you feel isolated from others?

ii.
UCLA-20 — Full Three-Factor Assessment 20 items · Russell 1996 (Version 3) · ~3 minutes
Item 4 Collective · reversed

How often do you feel that you are 'in tune' with the people around you?

Item 5 Intimate

How often do you feel that you lack companionship?

Item 6 Intimate

How often do you feel that there is no one you can turn to?

Item 7 Intimate

How often do you feel alone?

Item 8 Relational · reversed

How often do you feel part of a group of friends?

Item 9 Collective · reversed

How often do you feel that you have a lot in common with the people around you?

Item 10 Intimate

How often do you feel that you are no longer close to anyone?

Item 11 Collective

How often do you feel that your interests and ideas are not shared by those around you?

Item 12 Relational · reversed

How often do you feel outgoing and friendly?

Item 13 Intimate · reversed

How often do you feel close to people?

Item 14 Relational

How often do you feel left out?

Item 15 Intimate

How often do you feel that your relationships with others are not meaningful?

Item 16 (sentinel) Intimate

How often do you feel that no one really knows you well?

Item 17 Collective

How often do you feel isolated from others?

Item 18 Relational · reversed

How often do you feel that you can find companionship when you want it?

Item 19 Intimate · reversed

How often do you feel that there are people who really understand you?

Item 20 Relational

How often do you feel shy?

Item 21 Collective

How often do you feel that people are around you but not with you?

Item 22 Relational · reversed

How often do you feel that there are people you can talk to?

Item 23 Intimate · reversed

How often do you feel that there are people you can turn to?

Your Result · Based on UCLA Loneliness Scale

Your loneliness profile.

This is the shape of your responses across the UCLA-3 brief screen and (if expanded) the UCLA-20 three-factor structure — Intimate, Relational, and Collective loneliness per Hawkley, Browne & Cacioppo (2005). The result is a screening signal — not a diagnosis.

UCLA-3 severity band · Score 3–9
0 / 9

Not lonely

Below the standard cutoff. Most adults score in this range. Loneliness is not currently a primary concern in your responses.

Your archetype profile

The Profile

Your archetype description will appear here.

Cross-tool referrals: populated based on your factor profile.
Sub-dimensional breakdown

Where your signal sits.

Intimate 0%
UCLA-20 Intimate items · max 36 · close confidant / partner / best friend
Relational 0%
UCLA-20 Relational items · max 24 · wider friend group / belonging
Collective 0%
UCLA-20 Collective items · max 20 · community / shared identity
§ The two-axis view

Where you sit on the UCLA-3 × UCLA-20 map.

Two scores, one position. The horizontal axis is your UCLA-3 brief screen (range 3–9). The vertical axis is your UCLA-20 total (range 20–80). The five colored zones are interpretive aids derived from Hughes 2004 (UCLA-3 cutoff ≥ 6 = lonely) and Russell 1996 (UCLA-20 distributions). Final archetype assignment also uses the three-factor sub-profile, so two people in the same zone may receive different archetypes.

UCLA-3 × UCLA-20 loneliness archetype map Your UCLA-3 brief screen (x-axis, 3 to 9) plotted against your UCLA-20 total (y-axis, 20 to 80) on a five-zone interpretive map. CONNECTED TRANSIENT LONELY SOCIALLY OR EMOTIONALLY LONELY CHRONICALLY ISOLATED CARE-AWARE 3 5 6 8 9 UCLA-3 brief screen → 20 35 50 65 80 UCLA-20 Total →
Your position: complete UCLA-3 to position your dot
§ What the evidence supports

Four pathways for your archetype.

These are not generic recommendations. Each pathway is calibrated to your archetype and grounded in published evidence — peer-reviewed citations included.

§ Loneliness rarely travels alone

What else often travels with loneliness.

Loneliness is correlated with — but distinct from — depression, anxiety, and chronic stress. A single screen rarely captures the full picture. These are the conditions that most commonly co-occur and the empirical anchors for each link.

r ≈ 0.40–0.60
Depression

Loneliness and depressive symptoms show consistent moderate correlations cross-sectionally; longitudinal evidence (Cacioppo, Hawkley & Thisted 2010, 5-year cohort) supports loneliness predicting subsequent depression even after adjustment for baseline depressive symptoms.

Take Depression Test →
co-elevated
Anxiety

Loneliness, anxiety, and depression form a frequently co-occurring cluster. Loneliness is associated with elevated trait and state anxiety; the GAD-7 captures the anxiety component as a separate axis.

Take Anxiety Test →
OR 1.50
Mortality risk

Holt-Lunstad, Smith & Layton (2010) meta-analyzed 148 prospective cohort studies (n = 308,849) and reported OR = 1.50 (95% CI 1.42–1.59) for survival likelihood among those with stronger social relationships — comparable in magnitude to smoking cessation.

Read the evidence →
co-occurs
Chronic stress & burnout

Sustained loneliness functions as a chronic stressor with HPA-axis effects; loneliness and burnout often co-elevate, particularly in workplace and caregiving contexts. Different constructs, frequently entangled.

Stress & Burnout Index →
§ Methodology · LBL-LON v1.0

The science behind the Loneliness Test.

This tool combines two validated UCLA Loneliness Scale versions. The UCLA-3 brief loneliness screen was published by Hughes, Waite, Hawkley & Cacioppo in Research on Aging (2004); it is the standard short-form used in the U.S. Health and Retirement Study, the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, and the U.S. Surgeon General's 2023 advisory on loneliness. The UCLA-20 Loneliness Scale Version 3 was published by Russell in Journal of Personality Assessment (1996) and is the gold-standard 20-item subjective loneliness instrument with Cronbach α ranging from .89 to .94 across four validation samples (college students, nurses, teachers, and elderly) and a three-factor structure (Isolation, Relational Connectedness, Collective Connectedness per Hawkley, Browne & Cacioppo 2005; we use the more colloquial labels Intimate, Relational, Collective in the results display).

The full methodology — including item lineage, scoring with reverse-coding details, severity-band derivation from Cohen & Janicki-Deverts 2012 US national probability samples, archetype thresholds, care-aware escalation logic, validation evidence, limitations, and references — is documented on the tool methodology page.

What is the UCLA-3 brief screen?

The UCLA-3 (Hughes, Waite, Hawkley & Cacioppo 2004, Research on Aging) is a 3-item adaptation of the longer UCLA Loneliness Scale, developed specifically for use in large-scale population surveys where item budgets are tight. It is the loneliness instrument used in the U.S. Health and Retirement Study (HRS), the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA), and the U.S. Surgeon General's 2023 advisory on loneliness. Each item is rated on a 3-point frequency scale (Hardly ever = 1, Some of the time = 2, Often = 3); the total ranges from 3 to 9. Hughes 2004 proposed a categorical cutoff of total ≥ 6 to indicate likely loneliness; this is the cutoff used in nearly all downstream literature.

“Most studies of social relationships in later life focus on the amount of social contact, not on individuals’ perceptions of social isolation. However, loneliness is likely to be an important aspect of aging. A major limiting factor in studying loneliness has been the lack of a measure suitable for large-scale social surveys.”

Hughes, Waite, Hawkley & Cacioppo, 2004 — Research on Aging

What is the UCLA-20 Version 3?

The UCLA Loneliness Scale was originally developed by Daniel Russell, Letitia Anne Peplau and Mary Ferguson at UCLA in 1978. It was revised in 1980 (Russell, Peplau & Cutrona, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology) to balance positively- and negatively-worded items, and reached its current form as Version 3 in Russell 1996 (Journal of Personality Assessment). Russell 1996 reports Cronbach’s α ranging from .89 to .94 across four populations (college students, nurses, teachers, and elderly), and test–retest reliability of r = .73 over one year.

Each item is rated on a 4-point frequency scale (Never = 1, Rarely = 2, Sometimes = 3, Always = 4). 9 of the 20 items are positively-worded and reverse-scored automatically when computing the total: in Russell’s published numbering these are items 1, 5, 6, 9, 10, 15, 16, 19 and 20. The total ranges from 20 to 80; higher scores indicate greater loneliness.

The three UCLA-20 factors and their items.

Hawkley, Browne, and Cacioppo (2005) demonstrated through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis (combined N > 2,700) that the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale (the basis for V3) has a three-factor structure they labeled Isolation, Relational Connectedness, and Collective Connectedness. We display these as Intimate, Relational, and Collective — mapping to distinct social needs (close confidant; wider friend group; community belonging). Two people with the same UCLA-20 total can have very different sub-profiles, with different intervention implications.

1. Intimate (Hawkley 2005: Isolation) 9 items · Max 36

Items capturing the absence or inadequacy of close-confidant relationships — partner, best friend, or another deep attachment figure. Maps to Weiss’s (1973) “emotional loneliness”. This factor has the strongest empirical link to depression in the loneliness literature.

Russell Q2 (q5)
“How often do you feel that you lack companionship?”
Russell Q3 (q6)
“How often do you feel that there is no one you can turn to?”
Russell Q4 (q7)
“How often do you feel alone?”
Russell Q7 (q10)
“How often do you feel that you are no longer close to anyone?”
Russell Q10 (q13)
“How often do you feel close to people?” (reverse-scored)
Russell Q12 (q15)
“How often do you feel that your relationships with others are not meaningful?”
Russell Q13 (q16) · sentinel
“How often do you feel that no one really knows you well?”
Russell Q16 (q19)
“How often do you feel that there are people who really understand you?” (reverse-scored)
Russell Q20 (q23)
“How often do you feel that there are people you can turn to?” (reverse-scored)
2. Relational (Hawkley 2005: Relational Connectedness) 6 items · Max 24

Items capturing the absence of a wider friend group or peer network. Maps to Weiss’s “social loneliness”. Most affected by life transitions like moves, career changes, or extended remote work; responds to recurring peer-group activities.

Russell Q5 (q8)
“How often do you feel part of a group of friends?” (reverse-scored)
Russell Q9 (q12)
“How often do you feel outgoing and friendly?” (reverse-scored)
Russell Q11 (q14)
“How often do you feel left out?”
Russell Q15 (q18)
“How often do you feel that you can find companionship when you want it?” (reverse-scored)
Russell Q17 (q20)
“How often do you feel shy?”
Russell Q19 (q22)
“How often do you feel that there are people you can talk to?” (reverse-scored)
3. Collective (Hawkley 2005: Collective Connectedness) 5 items · Max 20

Items capturing belonging to a meaningful larger group identity — community, neighborhood, profession, cause. Hawkley’s extension of the Weiss two-type framework; most affected by structural societal changes (declining civic participation, secularization, dispersion of multi-generational households).

Russell Q1 (q4)
“How often do you feel that you are ‘in tune’ with the people around you?” (reverse-scored)
Russell Q6 (q9)
“How often do you feel that you have a lot in common with the people around you?” (reverse-scored)
Russell Q8 (q11)
“How often do you feel that your interests and ideas are not shared by those around you?”
Russell Q14 (q17)
“How often do you feel isolated from others?”
Russell Q18 (q21)
“How often do you feel that people are around you but not with you?”

How your scores are computed.

Step 1 — UCLA-3 brief screen: Each of 3 items is scored 1–3 (Hardly ever → Often). Sum all 3 items for a total of 3–9. None of the UCLA-3 items are reverse-scored.

Step 2 — UCLA-3 severity bands: Bands derived from the Hughes 2004 cutoff and downstream HRS/ELSA distributions: Not lonely 3–4 (below cutoff), Possibly lonely 5 (at threshold), Lonely 6–7 (meets Hughes 2004 cutoff), Severely lonely 8–9 (top tier).

Step 3 — UCLA-20 V3 item scoring: Each of 20 items is scored 1–4 (Never → Always). Russell’s 9 positively-worded items (1, 5, 6, 9, 10, 15, 16, 19, 20 in his published numbering) are reverse-scored: a raw response of v contributes (5−v) to the total. The tool handles this automatically.

Step 4 — UCLA-20 total and bands: Sum all 20 adjusted item scores for a total of 20–80. Severity bands shown in the results panel are: Low 20–34, Moderate 35–49, High 50–64, Severe 65–80. These bands are author-chosen interpretive aids, not formal cutoffs from Russell 1996; the cited literature does not publish a categorical cutoff for UCLA-20 V3 (only descriptive distributions). Use them as orientation, not diagnosis.

Step 5 — Three-factor decomposition: The 20 UCLA-20 items are partitioned per Hawkley, Browne & Cacioppo (2005) into Intimate (9 items, max 36), Relational (6 items, max 24), and Collective (5 items, max 20). Each sub-score is computed by summing the assigned items’ (reverse-corrected) values.

Step 6 — Archetype assignment: Five archetypes (Connected / Transient Lonely / Socially Lonely / Emotionally Lonely / Chronically Isolated) are assigned by a first-match-wins decision tree over the UCLA-3 total, the UCLA-20 total, and the relative dominance of the three factors. Full thresholds and rationale are on the methodology page. This decision tree is an author choice, not a published categorization.

Step 7 — Care-aware banner: Triggers when UCLA-3 total = 9, OR UCLA-20 total ≥ 65, OR sentinel item q16 (“no one really knows you well”) endorsed at “Always” (raw value 4). These thresholds correspond to the maximum-severity end of each instrument and are author-chosen levels at which professional consultation is warranted as a precaution, not as a diagnosis.

§ How to cite this tool

Citing the Loneliness Test in academic or professional work

If you reference this tool in a paper, presentation, or clinical setting, please use one of the standard citation formats below. The tool’s methodology is fully transparent, and the underlying instruments (UCLA-3 and UCLA-20 V3) are widely-used self-report scales with permissive author terms for non-commercial research and educational use — see the references section for primary literature.

§ APA 7
LifeByLogic. (2026). Loneliness Test — UCLA-3 + UCLA-20 V3 (Version 1.0) [Web application]. https://lifebylogic.com/life-dashboard/loneliness-test/
§ MLA 9
LifeByLogic. “Loneliness Test — UCLA-3 + UCLA-20 V3.” LifeByLogic, 2026, lifebylogic.com/life-dashboard/loneliness-test/.
§ Chicago (author-date)
LifeByLogic. 2026. “Loneliness Test — UCLA-3 + UCLA-20 V3.” Version 1.0. Accessed [date]. https://lifebylogic.com/life-dashboard/loneliness-test/.
§ BibTeX
@misc{lifebylogic_loneliness_test_2026, author = {{LifeByLogic}}, title = {{Loneliness Test --- UCLA-3 + UCLA-20 V3}}, year = {2026}, version = {1.0}, howpublished = {\url{https://lifebylogic.com/life-dashboard/loneliness-test/}}, note = {Web application implementing Hughes 2004 (UCLA-3) and Russell 1996 (UCLA-20 Version 3)} }
§ Sources & Citations

The peer-reviewed evidence base.

Every claim on this page is grounded in peer-reviewed research. The UCLA-3 and UCLA-20 V3 instruments are reproduced under permission for non-commercial research and educational use, with full citation to the original authors.

Primary instruments

  1. Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2004).
    A short scale for measuring loneliness in large surveys: Results from two population-based studies.
    Research on Aging, 26(6), 655–672. doi.org/10.1177/0164027504268574
  2. Russell, D. W. (1996).
    UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3): Reliability, validity, and factor structure.
    Journal of Personality Assessment, 66(1), 20–40. doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6601_2

Factor structure and theoretical foundation

  1. Hawkley, L. C., Browne, M. W., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2005).
    How can I connect with thee? Let me count the ways.
    Psychological Science, 16(10), 798–804. doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01617.x · Source paper for the three-factor structure (Isolation, Relational, Collective)
  2. Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2010).
    Loneliness matters: A theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms.
    Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 40(2), 218–227. doi.org/10.1007/s12160-010-9210-8 · Theoretical and empirical review (not the factor-structure source)
  3. Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Cutrona, C. E. (1980).
    The revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: Concurrent and discriminant validity evidence.
    Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(3), 472–480. doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.39.3.472
  4. Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Ferguson, M. L. (1978).
    Developing a measure of loneliness.
    Journal of Personality Assessment, 42(3), 290–294. doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4203_11 · Original UCLA Loneliness Scale
  5. Weiss, R. S. (1973).
    Loneliness: The experience of emotional and social isolation.
    MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. · Foundational two-type typology (emotional vs social loneliness)

Mortality, health outcomes, and population context

  1. Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., & Layton, J. B. (2010).
    Social relationships and mortality risk: A meta-analytic review.
    PLoS Medicine, 7(7), e1000316. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316 · 148 prospective cohort studies (n = 308,849); OR = 1.50 for survival with stronger social relationships
  2. Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., Baker, M., Harris, T., & Stephenson, D. (2015).
    Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: A meta-analytic review.
    Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2), 227–237. doi.org/10.1177/1745691614568352 · Independent contributions of loneliness and isolation to mortality
  3. Cacioppo, J. T., & Cacioppo, S. (2018).
    The growing problem of loneliness.
    The Lancet, 391(10119), 426. doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30142-9 · Public-health framing
  4. U.S. Surgeon General (Murthy, V. H.). (2023).
    Our epidemic of loneliness and isolation: The U.S. Surgeon General’s advisory on the healing effects of social connection and community.
    U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. hhs.gov/surgeongeneral/priorities/connection
  5. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2020).
    Social isolation and loneliness in older adults: Opportunities for the health care system.
    The National Academies Press, Washington, DC. doi.org/10.17226/25663

Intervention and translational evidence

  1. Masi, C. M., Chen, H.-Y., Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2011).
    A meta-analysis of interventions to reduce loneliness.
    Personality and Social Psychology Review, 15(3), 219–266. doi.org/10.1177/1088868310377394 · CBT targeting maladaptive social cognition had the largest effect size of intervention categories tested
§ Frequently asked questions

About the Loneliness Test.

Is this a clinical diagnosis?

No. The Loneliness Test is an educational screening tool, not a diagnostic instrument. There is no diagnosis of “loneliness” in DSM-5 or ICD-11; loneliness is a normal subjective experience that becomes a risk factor for other mental and physical health conditions when chronic. A high score on this tool is a reason to consider professional support, not a label.

What is the UCLA-3?

The UCLA-3 is a 3-item brief loneliness screen developed by Hughes, Waite, Hawkley & Cacioppo (2004) for use in large-scale population surveys. It asks how often you feel that you lack companionship, feel left out, and feel isolated from others, with responses on a 3-point scale (Hardly ever / Some of the time / Often, scored 1–3). Total scores range from 3 to 9; a score of 6 or higher is the standard cutoff for likely loneliness in the published literature. UCLA-3 is the loneliness instrument used in the U.S. Health and Retirement Study, the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, and the U.S. Surgeon General's 2023 advisory.

What is the UCLA-20 Version 3?

The UCLA Loneliness Scale Version 3 (Russell 1996) is the current gold-standard 20-item subjective-loneliness instrument, developed at UCLA and refined over three published versions (1978, 1980, 1996). It uses a 4-point frequency scale (Never = 1, Always = 4); 9 of the 20 items are positively-worded and reverse-scored. Russell 1996 reported Cronbach’s α from .89 to .94 across four populations (college students, nurses, teachers, elderly) and test–retest reliability of r = .73 over one year. Total scores range from 20 to 80.

What does my archetype mean?

Five archetypes integrate your UCLA-3 brief score, your UCLA-20 total (if completed), and the relative dominance of the three sub-factors (Intimate / Relational / Collective): Connected (low across the board), Transient Lonely (moderate without strong sub-factor differentiation), Socially Lonely (Relational factor elevated — Weiss’s social loneliness), Emotionally Lonely (Intimate factor elevated — Weiss’s emotional loneliness), and Chronically Isolated (severe across multiple dimensions). The decision tree is a first-match-wins ordering — this is an author-chosen categorization, not a published taxonomy.

Are the items verbatim from the original instruments?

Yes — with one minor note. The 3 UCLA-3 items match Hughes 2004 verbatim. The 20 UCLA-20 V3 items match Russell 1996 verbatim with one near-exception (item 15 / our q18) where we initially used a slightly contracted form; the canonical Russell wording is now restored. Both sets of response labels match the published instruments. Daniel Russell explicitly grants permission for non-commercial research and educational use of the UCLA Loneliness Scale.

Are my answers stored?

No. The tool runs entirely in your browser. Your individual answers are not transmitted to any server, are not stored in cookies or local storage, and are erased the moment you close or refresh the page. There are no accounts and no tracking of individual responses.

What if I score in the highest band?

If your UCLA-3 score is 9, OR your UCLA-20 total is 65 or above, OR you endorsed the sentinel item q16 (“no one really knows you well”) at the “Always” frequency, the results page shows a prominent care-aware banner. These thresholds correspond to the maximum-severity end of each instrument and represent levels at which professional consultation is warranted as a precaution. The banner cites the 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline (US) and findahelpline.com for international resources.

How does this differ from the Stress & Burnout Index or Depression Test?

Loneliness, stress, burnout, and depression are related but distinct constructs. Loneliness is the felt mismatch between desired and actual social connection. Stress (PSS-10) is the appraisal of demands as unpredictable and overloading. Burnout (CBI) is cumulative occupational exhaustion. Depression (PHQ-9) is a syndrome with mood, motivation, and somatic features. Loneliness correlates moderately with depression (typically r = 0.40–0.60 cross-sectionally) but is conceptually separable. These tools are designed to be used alongside each other when relevant, not as substitutes.

Methodology Implements the UCLA-3 brief screen from Hughes, Waite, Hawkley & Cacioppo (2004, Research on Aging) and the UCLA-20 Loneliness Scale Version 3 from Russell (1996, Journal of Personality Assessment). Three-factor decomposition per Hawkley, Browne & Cacioppo (2005, Psychological Science). Authored by Abiot Y. Derbie, PhD, reviewed by Eskezeia Y. Dessie, PhD.
Health context Mortality and health-outcome context drawn from Holt-Lunstad, Smith & Layton (2010, PLoS Medicine), the U.S. Surgeon General’s 2023 advisory on loneliness and isolation, and the 2020 National Academies consensus report.
License & version UCLA Loneliness Scale used with author permission for non-commercial research and educational use.
Tool identifier: LBL-LON · v1.0
Last reviewed: May 2026